This fraction is usually the first side stream of a conventional atmospheric distillation unit. It may be cut to meet a burning oil specification or…
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There are usually two naphtha cuts produced from most crude. These are: Light naphtha (sometimes called light gasoline) Heavy naphtha. Both these streams are the…
In many refineries most of theC4’s and lighter are removed from the atmospheric column overhead distillate in the first column of the light end unit.…
This is not strictly a cut but consists of all the light material in the crude absorbed into the total overhead distillate from the crude…
This is the bottom product from the vacuum distillation unit. Just as in the case of the atmospheric residue it has several options for its…
In modern refinery practice the distillation of atmospheric residue is accomplished under high vacuum conditions in a specially designed tower whose internal equipment ensures a…
This is the bottom product from the atmospheric distillation of the crude oil. Most crude oils are distilled in the atmospheric crude oil tower to…
The factor of proportionality in the previous equations is called the Moody friction factor and is determined from the Moody resistance diagram shown in Figure…
This equation, which is also sometimes called the Weisbach equation or the Darcy-Weisbach equation, states that the friction head loss between two points in a…
It is customary to express the energy contained in a fluid in terms of the potential energy contained in an equivalent height or “head” of…