Sand can be very troublesome in separators by causing cutout of valve trim, plugging of separator internals, and accumulation in the bottom of the separator.…
In modern refinery practice the distillation of atmospheric residue is accomplished under high vacuum conditions in a specially designed tower whose internal equipment ensures a…
A gas-processing plant, is designed to recover ethane, propane, butane, and other natural gas liquids from the gas stream. A condensate stabilizer also recovers some…
The gravity settling devices previously discussed make use of closely spaced internals to reduce the distance an oil droplet must rise to meet a coalescing…
Tube holes cannot be drilled very close together, since this may structually weaken the tube sheet. The shortest distance between two adjacent tube holes is…
It is customary to express the energy contained in a fluid in terms of the potential energy contained in an equivalent height or “head” of…
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that relates the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. It can be expressed by the following general…
The process of flotation improves the separation of the oil droplets from the water continuous phase. This goal is accomplished by increasing the difference in…
In the interest of energy conversion, process heat can be obtained from a heat recovery unit in which heat is recovered from turbine or reciprocating…
A fixed bed of solid particles can be used to remove acid gases either through chemical reactions or ionic bonding. Typically, in solid bed absorption…