Conventional Valve, Balanced-Bellows Valve, or Pilot-Operated Valve The corresponding equations for liquid flow are the following: Note that a preliminary orifice size must be determined…
Flow regimes describe the nature of fluid flow. There are two basic flow regimes for flow of a single-phase fluid: laminar flow and turbulent flow.…
The first step in choosing a water treating system is to characterize the influent water streams. It is necessary to know both the oil concentration…
As more stages are added to the process there is less and less incremental liquid recovery. The diminishing income for adding a stage must more…
The way in which the process temperature is controlled varies. In a heater, a temperature controller measures the process temperature and signals a fuel valve…
A kinetic inhibitor is a polymeric chemical that, when added to a production stream, will not change the hydrate formation temperature but will delay the…
Direct-fired combustion equipment is that in which the flame and/or products of combustion are used to achieve the desired result by radiation and convection. Common…
Removing water from crude oil often requires additional processing beyond gravitational separation. In selecting a treating system, several factors should be considered to determine the…
Pilot-operated relief valves use the pressure in the vessel rather than a spring to seal the valve and a pilot to activate the mechanism. Figure…
Resembling dirty ice, hydrates consist of a water lattice in which light hydrocarbon molecules are embedded. They are a loosely-linked crystalline chemical compound of hydrocarbon…