Tube holes cannot be drilled very close together, since this may structually weaken the tube sheet. The shortest distance between two adjacent tube holes is…
The maximum allowable stress values to be used in the calculation of the vessel’s wall thickness are given in the ASME Code for many different…
The required heat duty, film coefficients, conductivity, etc. for a shell and tube heat exchanger can be calculated using the procedures in Heat Transfer Theory,…
Sand can be very troublesome in separators by causing cutout of valve trim, plugging of separator internals, and accumulation in the bottom of the separator.…
Numerous processes have been developed for gas sweetening based on a variety of chemical and physical principles. These processes can be categorized by the principles…
The major cause of foam in crude oil is the appearance of impurities, other than water, which are impractical to remove before the stream reaches…
Most commonly used water treating equipment items rely on the forces of gravity to separate the oil droplets from the water continuous phase. The oil…
In modern refinery practice the distillation of atmospheric residue is accomplished under high vacuum conditions in a specially designed tower whose internal equipment ensures a…
It is important to be able to estimate vessel weights, since most cost estimating procedures start with the weight of the vessel. The vessel weight,…
A bed of structured packing consists of a bed support upon which elements of structured packing are placed. Beds of structured packing typically have lower…