Cyclone separators are widely used in various industries for the separation of solid particles from gas or liquid streams. The capacity of a cyclone separator…
In many refineries most of theC4’s and lighter are removed from the atmospheric column overhead distillate in the first column of the light end unit.…
Plate-and-frame exchangers are an arrangement of gasketed, pressed metal plates aligned on carrying bars and secured between two covers by compression bolts. The pressed metal…
The iron sponge process uses the chemical reaction of ferric oxide with H2S to sweeten gas streams. This process is applied to gases with low…
Conventional Valve, Balanced-Bellows Valve, or Pilot-Operated Valve The corresponding equations for liquid flow are the following: Note that a preliminary orifice size must be determined…
There are usually two naphtha cuts produced from most crude. These are: Light naphtha (sometimes called light gasoline) Heavy naphtha. Both these streams are the…
An oscillating droplet of oil becomes unstable when the kinetic energy is sufficient to make up for the difference in the surface energy between the…
It should be clear from the description of LTX units that the lower pressure separator in an LTX unit is a simple form of cold-feed…
Control valves are used throughout the process to control pressure, level, temperature, or flow. It is beyond the scope of this text to discussthe differences…
Direct-fired combustion equipment is that in which the flame and/or products of combustion are used to achieve the desired result by radiation and convection. Common…