Conventional Valve, Balanced-Bellows Valve, or Pilot-Operated Valve The corresponding equations for liquid flow are the following: Note that a preliminary orifice size must be determined…
Head Bernoulli is a term that refers to the total energy of a fluid at a given point in a steady flow system. It consists…
The area of the fire tube is normally calculated based on a heat flux rate of 10,000 Btu/hr-ft2. The fire-tube length can be determined from:…
Vortex Breaker As liquid flows out of the exit nozzle, it will swirl and create a vortex. Vortexing would carry the gas out with the…
In many refineries most of theC4’s and lighter are removed from the atmospheric column overhead distillate in the first column of the light end unit.…
Piping design in production facilities involves the selection of a pipe diameter and a wall thickness that is capable of transporting fluid from one piece…
This is not strictly a cut but consists of all the light material in the crude absorbed into the total overhead distillate from the crude…
Tube holes cannot be drilled very close together, since this may structually weaken the tube sheet. The shortest distance between two adjacent tube holes is…
Coriolis mass-flow controllers (MFCs) are widely used in the chemical process industries (CPI) for applications that require precise and accurate measurement and control of critical…
The first step in choosing a water treating system is to characterize the influent water streams. It is necessary to know both the oil concentration…