Tube holes cannot be drilled very close together, since this may structually weaken the tube sheet. The shortest distance between two adjacent tube holes is…
In modern refinery practice the distillation of atmospheric residue is accomplished under high vacuum conditions in a specially designed tower whose internal equipment ensures a…
The ASME code requires every pressure vessel that can be blocked In to have a relief valve to alleviate pressure build up due to thermal…
For an oil and gas separator to accomplish its primary functions, pressure must be maintained in the separator so that the liquid and gas can…
The required heat duty, film coefficients, conductivity, etc. for a shell and tube heat exchanger can be calculated using the procedures in Heat Transfer Theory,…
Plate-and-frame exchangers are an arrangement of gasketed, pressed metal plates aligned on carrying bars and secured between two covers by compression bolts. The pressed metal…
The way in which the process temperature is controlled varies. In a heater, a temperature controller measures the process temperature and signals a fuel valve…
These are thin diaphragms held between flanges and calibrated to burst at a specified static inlet pressure. Unlike relief valves, rapture discs cannot reseal when…
Piping design in production facilities involves the selection of a pipe diameter and a wall thickness that is capable of transporting fluid from one piece…
Pilot-operated relief valves use the pressure in the vessel rather than a spring to seal the valve and a pilot to activate the mechanism. Figure…