In many refineries most of theC4’s and lighter are removed from the atmospheric column overhead distillate in the first column of the light end unit.…
Specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the density of the liquid at 60°F to the density of pure water. API gravity is…
In long horizontal vessels it is necessary to install wave breakers, which are nothing more than vertical baffles spanning the gas-liquid interface and perpendicular to…
It is also necessary to control the gas/liquid interface or the oil/water interface in process equipment. This is done with a level controller and liquid…
Numerous processes have been developed for gas sweetening based on a variety of chemical and physical principles. These processes can be categorized by the principles…
Choking, or expansion of gas from a high pressure to a lower pressure, is generally required for control of gas flow rates. Choking is achieved…
This equation, which is also sometimes called the Weisbach equation or the Darcy-Weisbach equation, states that the friction head loss between two points in a…
A scrubber is a two-phase separator that is designed to recover liquids carried over from the gas outlets of production separators or to catch liquids…
Heat-exchanger tubes should not be confused with steel pipe or other types of pipe that are extruded to steel pipe sizes. The outside diameter of…
Dissolved gas designs take a portion of the treated water effluent and saturate the water with natural gas in a contactor. The higher the pressure…